1. System requirements
Data processing can be conducted using R within RStudio on any support systems (e.g.,  macOS and Windows).  This study used R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14) on macOS 14.6 (Sonoma).  There is no requirement for non-standard hardware.

2. Installation guide
No custom software is required. RStudio can be installed following the official guide: https://posit.co/download/rstudio-desktop/. Installation typically takes 2-5 min on a normal desktop computer.

3. Demo
Some datasets used in this study, such as GlobeLand30 and Key Biodiversity Areas, are only available upon request from the producers. Therefore, this demo includes only publicly available data, with small tiles of GLCLUC provided for testing. Land cover pixel values have been reclassified according to the scheme detailed in the Supplementary Information. Expected output is a summary of areas of different land conversion types by countries, Protected Areas per country and Key Biodiversity Areas per country. Expected run time for demo on a normal desktop computer is 3-5 min.The following datasets should be downloaded separately from the provided websites:

Admin boundaries: https://gadm.org/
Protected Areas: https://www.protectedplanet.net/en/thematic-areas/wdpa?tab=WDPA
Key Biodiversity Areas: https://www.keybiodiversityareas.org/kba-data/request

4. Instructions for use
Detailed explanations are provided in the R script.
